It was shown that lycopene improved the treatment outcomes of locally advanced prostate cancer [25,49], reduced prostate cancer-specific mortality in men at high risk for prostate cancer [30], delayed the progression of recurrent prostate cancer regardless of hormone sensitivity status [19], improved the response to docetaxel chemotherapy in advanced castrate-resistant prostate cancer [33], and stabilised the effect of orchidectomy in a group of patients with advanced metastatic prostate cancer [51]. Here are some excellent sources of lycopene: 1 cup of canned tomato sauce: 37 milligrams. Additionally, each 1 mg increase in lycopene was associated with a 0.09 mg/dL decrease in fasting blood glucose. (Singh 2017) Lycopene 8 mg twice daily administered for 6 months was found to improve mouth opening, burning sensation, tongue protrusion, and cheek flexibility in patients with oral submucous fibrosis. National Library of Medicine 42 Singh D et al. Tang L., Jin T., Zeng X., Wang J.-S. Lycopene inhibits the growth of human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells in vitro and in BALB/c nude mice. Another issue worth commenting on is the anti-inflammatory effect of lycopene, which has been comprehensively discussed by some studies [106] and may be relevant in the prevention of inflammation-associated cancers, such as oesophageal adenocarcinoma arising from chronic duodenogastric-oesophageal reflux, H. pylori-induced gastric cancer, colitis-associated colorectal cancers, pancreatic cancer related to chronic pancreatitis, or hepatocellular carcinoma caused by chronic inflammation of the viral, toxic, metabolic, or autoimmune aetiology [107,108,109]. A Food-Based Formulation Provides Lycopene with the Same Bioavailability to Humans as That from Tomato Paste. van der Gaag M.S., van den Berg R., van den Berg H., Schaafsma G., Hendriks H.F. Lycopene in the prevention of renal cell cancer in the TSC2 mutant Eker rat model. In addition to the aforementioned antioxidant capacity, in the process of oncogenesis, lycopene may show an opposite pro-oxidative effect that supports the elimination of pathological cells. Blood samples were collected for a total of 28 days (672 h) after administration of single doses . (Jatoi 2007) Tomato-based products are acidic and may irritate stomach ulcers. There is no consensus regarding recommended dosing of lycopene. Watanabe S., Kitade Y., Masaki T., Nishioka M., Satoh K., Nishino H. Effects of lycopene and Sho-saiko-to on hepatocarcinogenesis in a rat model of spontaneous liver cancer. Venkateswaran V., Fleshner N.E., Sugar L.M., Klotz L.H. This research received no external funding. Uses Bladder cancer. Giri A.K., Rawat J.K., Singh M., Gautam S., Kaithwas G. Effect of lycopene against gastroesophageal reflux disease in experimental animals. Are there Adverse Effects of Lycopene Exposure? The reported mechanisms of lycopene action in vivo included regulation of oxidative and inflammatory processes, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of cell division, angiogenesis, and metastasis formation. With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age. Moran N.E., Thomas-Ahner J.M., Fleming J.L., McElroy J.P., Mehl R., Grainger E.M., Riedl K.M., Toland A.E., Schwartz S.J., Clinton S.K. However, research has not confirmed that lycopene offers greater preventive benefits than potassium, vitamin C or other nutrients found in these foods. Risk assessment for the carotenoids lutein and lycopene. Tomato-based foods offer the highest concentrations of lycopene, according to the Linus Pauling Institute. Lycopene has been reported to improve treatment outcomes in prostate cancer when used with docetaxel, soy isoflavones, and orchidectomy to treat advanced prostate cancer [19,33,36,51]. Kirsh V.A., Mayne S.T., Peters U., Chatterjee N., Leitzmann M.F., Dixon L.B., Urban D.A., Crawford E.D., Hayes R.B. More research is needed to explore whether doses higher than 25-44 mg/day of lycopene, provide additional beneficial effects on blood lipids compared with control, . (Alien 2002), Calcium-containing products: Lycopene decreases the bioavailability of calcium by 84%. Two independent studies confirmed the role of lycopene in inhibiting colorectal carcinogenesis via an insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent mechanism [61,76]. Allen N.E., Key T.J., Appleby P.N., Travis R.C., Roddam A.W., Rinaldi S., Egevad L., Rohrmann S., Linseisen J., Pischon T., et al. Gul Baykalir B., Aksit D., Dogru M.S., Hanm Yay A., Aksit H., Seyrek K., Attesahin A. Lycopene Ameliorates Experimental Colitis in Rats via Reducing Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress. (Schmidt 1998), In a model of ovariectomized rats with osteopenia, lycopene improved titanium implant osseointegration and bone formation 12 weeks after implantation. Combinations of tomato and broccoli enhance antitumor activity in dunning r3327-h prostate adenocarcinomas. (Ilic 2011) In another review of 8 randomized controlled trials, varying quality of the studies made conclusions regarding use of lycopene for prevention or treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia or prostate cancer impossible. Lycopene also resulted in better histological findings (fewer foam cells, no naked fatty streaks, and only initial lesions of atherosclerosis [instead of fatty streaks and intermediate lesions]). (Hu 2008) In a rat model of atherosclerosis, lycopene 50 mg/kg daily administered for 45 days significantly lowered total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, and increased HDL cholesterol levels. Caution Excess intake might cause skin discoloration. Puah B.P., Jalil J., Attiq A., Kamisah Y. New insights into molecular mechanism behind anti-cancer activities of lycopene. (Johny 2019), In an in vitro study, lycopene exerted a corrective effect in photodamaged keratinocytes. (Jian 2008) Additionally, lycopene 100 mg daily was not associated with adverse effects in volunteers. Radhakrishnan V.K., Ravikumar V., Shivashangari K., Sattu K., Devaki T. Chemopreventive Role of Lycopene and D-arginine in Benzo(a) Pyrene Induced Lung Cancer with Reference to Lipid Peroxidation, Antioxidant and Tumor Marker Enzymes. This review aimed to evaluate the benefits of lycopene supplementation in cancer prevention and treatment based on the results of in vivo studies. 1Department of Clinical Nutrition, Maria Skodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology (MSCNRIO), 02-781 Warsaw, Poland, 2Department of Oncology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland. Chronic inflammation and hepatocellular carcinoma. (Neyestani 2007, Ozmen 2016, Zheng 2019) In a murine model, lycopene reduced biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy. The anti-cancer effect, non-toxicity, safety and preventive or therapeutic roles of lycopene have been investigated in several studies. (Zou 2014), In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort, lycopene intake was associated with an increase in heel bone mineral density in women (P=0.005). We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information. (Eliassen 2012), Lycopene's protective role in the early stages of cervical carcinogenesis was noted in one study. In a large case-control study (N=4,721) taking place over 3 years, the risk of pancreatic cancer for men consuming lycopene was reduced by 31%. Lycopene is available in various doseforms (eg, capsule, softgel) and is also incorporated in multivitamin and multimineral products. (Lo 2007) One nutritional study in rabbits compared lycopene's action in reducing the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta with that of fluvastatin; similar to fluvastatin, lycopene significantly attenuated atherogenesis in rabbits fed a high-fat diet. In 2000, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine determined that clinical evidence did not justify the need for a recommended dietary allowance or an adequate intake for lycopene or other carotenoids. However, the latter population was included in three other studies that confirmed the positive role of lycopene in cancer treatment [19,33,50]. 1. For example, the average daily lycopene intake is 4.9 mg/day in the Netherlands and 1.6 mg/day in Spain. Jiang W., Guo M.-H., Hai X. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects of lycopene on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rat. The preventive potential of lycopene in female cancers was demonstrated in an animal model of ovarian cancer with predominant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms [58]. May Protect Against. Helzlsouer K.J., Comstock G.W., Morris J.S. Natural sources primarily contain the all-trans form of lycopene, the most thermodynamically stable form; when exposed to heat, light, and chemical reactions, lycopene is converted to the cis form, which is more bioavailable and less likely to precipitate and form crystals. Tomato consumption and intake of lycopene as predictors of the incidence of prostate cancer: The Adventist Health Study-2. (Cui 2013), Lycopene has been studied for its neuroprotective effects; potential mechanisms include inhibition of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis, as well as restoration of mitochondrial dysfunction. (Nkondjock 2005, Singh 2008). A brief overview of all the analysed papers, including the data on their methods, population, endpoints, and results, can be found in the supplements divided according to the papers content: cancer prevention and treatment in humans, other research in humans, and animal research (Supplements Tables S25). In present review the dose range of lycopene varied from 16 . Information regarding safety and efficacy in pregnancy and lactation is lacking. Prevention and treatment of cancer According to epidemiologic studies, lycopene has antioxidant and anticancer properties, which suggests that a high intake of lycopene-rich foods can reduce the risk of developing cancer. (Darvin 2008) In an 8-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, purified lycopene supplementation decreased DNA oxidative damage. (Karppi 2009) Lycopene not only achieves high concentrations in the prostate, but also in the testes and adrenal glands. Moroni M., Pirovano M., Brugnatelli S., Zucca M., Morreale M., Rizzo V., Ferrari A., Tinelli C., De Silvestri A., Meregalli M., et al. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 14 May 2023), Cerner Multum (updated 28 May 2023), ASHP (updated 10 Apr 2023) and others. The mechanism of lycopene benefits in animal models of gastric and oesophageal cancer is based on modulation of carcinogen-induced tumour cell proliferation and apoptosis and enhancement of antioxidant and immune activities in the cancer microenvironment [71,72,73,81,83,93]. (Graydon 2007, Vrieling 2007) A meta-analysis of observational studies explored the association between lycopene consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. No significant changes were seen in arterial stiffness or blood pressure between the lycopene- and placebo-treated groups. The hallmark of this population was hypermethylation of mediators and signalling genes, which caused decreased oxidative damage and reduced T-cell activation and might have been the benefit of lycopene [66]. Serum lycopene, other serum carotenoids, and risk of prostate cancer in US Blacks and Whites. Lycopene: A novel drug therapy in hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Possible Side Effects. Because carotenoids are fat-soluble nutrients, cooking tomatoes with oil or eating cooked tomatoes with small amounts of fat increases the amount of lycopene that your body can absorb. Fraser G.E., Jacobsen B.K., Knutsen S.F., Mashchak A., Lloren J.I. TMPRSS2:ERG-positive disease appears to be particularly sensitive to the anti-cancer effects of tomato sauce [44]. In a 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis including 42 studies, 43,851 cases of prostate cancer were reported in 692,012 participants. Lycopene in the treatment of prostate cancer. (Riccioni 2008), In a study of 50 moderately hypertensive individuals, tomato extract supplementation for 6 weeks was associated with reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and increased serum lycopene levels. Outcomes of in vivo studies on the anti-cancer effect of lycopene. government site. The antitumour activity of lycopene was confirmed in most studies (n = 11), in contrast to the intervention studies, in which four out of five did not demonstrate the antitumour activity of lycopene. Our research aimed to assess whether the successes of in vitro studies are reflected in human and animal studies where the final effect of lycopene depends on other factors, such as its absorption and distribution, the influence of the microenvironment, and drug interactions. Rinaldi S., Cleveland R., Norat T., Biessy C., Rohrmann S., Linseisen J., Boeing H., Pischon T., Panico S., Agnoli C., et al. ; visualization, M.S. The references of the latter were screened to identify the papers that met the inclusion criteria but were not found in the database search. In a 2016 Cochrane review of interventions used to prevent oral cancer in patients with oral leukoplakia, lycopene improved some histologic features of oral leukoplakia. (Costa-Rodrigues 2018), Lycopene suppressed tissue factor activation in vascular thrombosis in human endothelial cells. In a lung cancer mouse model, lycopene improved the efficiency of anti-PD-1 therapy [79]. Magbanua M.J.M., Roy R., Sosa E.V., Weinberg V., Federman S., Mattie M.D., Hughes-Fulford M., Simko J., Shinohara K., Haqq C.M., et al. The papers were divided into four subgroups depending on their content: human studies concerning cancer treatment, prevention, or with other endpoints that mostly concerned the mechanism of lycopene action, and animal research (Figure 1). See specific indications in Uses and Pharmacology section. (Wang 2018) In an animal model of neuroinflammation, lycopene improved spatial learning and memory impairment, suggesting a potential role in Alzheimer disease. (Wang 2016), Suggested mechanisms of lycopene in cardiovascular disease include reduced LDL cholesterol, increased HDL functionality, reduced arterial thickness, decreased platelet aggregation, increased vasodilation, anti-inflammatory effects, and reduced proinflammatory cytokines. (Jeong 2019) In a murine model of ovarian cancer, lycopene given intralesionally reduced tumor burden and metastatic load. Nakanishi R., Shimizu T., Kumagai K., Takai A., Marusawa H. Genetic Pathogenesis of Inflammation-Associated Cancers in Digestive Organs. Zhuang E., Uchio E., Lilly M., Zi X., Fruehauf J.P. A phase II study of docetaxel plus lycopene in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer. The predominance of particular mechanisms seemed to depend on tumour organ localisation and the local storage capacity of lycopene. Lycopene dosage per day Duration (treatment phase) Participants, m/f, age Sample size; Sakamoto 94, Japan: . Fat also enhances the absorption of lycopene. Combined lycopene and vitamin E treatment suppresses the growth of PC-346C human prostate cancer cells in nude mice. (Prema 2015), In an epilepsy animal model, lycopene in combination with valproate sodium exerted neuroprotective effects. Lycopene undergoes cis isomerisation under heat induction, which improves its bioavailability [4]. Weroha S.J., Haluska P. The insulin-like growth factor system in cancer. Alison M.R., Nicholson L.J., Lin W.-R. In animal models, lycopene reduced prostate cancer progression when given with docetaxel, vitamins E and B, and carotene, and reduced colon cancer progression when co-supplemented with fish oil [28,36,56,69]. It contributes to the red, orange, and yellow pigments found in tomatoes, apricots, cranberries, grapes, pink grapefruits, guavas, papayas, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, peaches, and watermelons. (Li 2013) Similar results were found in a meta-analysis of 4 intervention trials published between 1955 and 2010. In the studies conducted to date, lycopene has shown protection against experimental models of oesophagitis, H. pylori-induced gastritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, toxin- and viral-induced hepatitis, and alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118]. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. Ferrucci L., Perry J.R.B., Matteini A., Perola M., Tanaka T., Silander K., Rice N., Melzer D., Murray A., Cluett C., et al. Decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis occurred after treatment with all tomato-based products tested. Stice C.P., Xia H., Wang X.-D. Tomato lycopene prevention of alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Lycopene is a nutraceutical with health-promoting and anti-cancer activities, but due to a lack of evidence, there are no recommendations regarding its use and dosage. Although significant, these effects were less than those achieved in the atorvastatin group. Effects of a lycopene-rich diet on spontaneous and benzo[a]pyrene-induced mutagenesis in prostate, colon and lungs of the lacZ mouse. (Kanetsky 1998) Plasma levels of lycopene and other carotenoids were lower in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer, suggesting a possible protective effect of higher lycopene concentrations. (Grtner 1997) In addition, human uptake of lycopene is greater from heat-processed tomato juice than from unprocessed tomato juice. The Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. Although no established authority has offered official recommendations regarding lycopene dosage, Dr. Edward Giovannucci, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, recommends getting at least 10 milligrams of lycopene per day. Although dietary lycopene may offer protection against cancers of the lung, breast, bladder, stomach, mouth or prostate, supplemental lycopene may worsen the effects of prostate cancer in men who already have the disease, MedlinePlus notes. (Fuhrman 1997) In a 6-week clinical trial, 24 patients receiving fresh tomato and tomato juice twice daily reported reduced triglyceride levels and LDL cholesterol as well as increased HDL cholesterol. (Grabowska 2019), In a murine model of benign prostatic hyperplasia, lycopene supplementation was found to ameliorate testosterone-induced increases in prostate weight. Lycopene and tomato powder exerted inflammatory effects, as noted by a reduction in cytokine and chemokine expression in adipose tissue. (Kabat 2009) A pooled analysis of 8 prospective studies on carotenoids and breast cancer demonstrated a statistically significant inverse association between carotenoid levels, including lycopene concentrations, and the risk of breast cancer. In the HCC animal model, lycopene supplementation appeared to have reduced metastasis, which the authors interpreted as the effect of angiogenesis reduction [62]. Dosing Reviews (10) Overview Lycopene is a type of organic pigment called a carotenoid. Based on results of 5 relevant studies with no substantial heterogeneity, lycopene intake showed no significant association with cataract risk. The levels of both proteins were lowered after prostatectomy regardless of lycopene supplementation, which was inconsistent with the hypothesis based on the observation that in in vitro and ex vivo studies, lycopene caused a decrease in IGF1 (with mitogenic and anti-apoptotic properties) and an increase in IGFBP3 (with an opposite effect) [100,101]. One trial documented a cancer-related hemorrhage in a patient taking lycopene, but causality was unclear. Tomato sauce and ketchup treatment for 96 hours decreased the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase but increased the percentage of cells in the S and G2/M phases. Foods With the Highest Content of Quercetin, 5 Healthy Reasons Tomato Juice Should Be Your Drink of the Summer, Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University: Micronutrient Information Center: Carotenoids, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Fruits & Vegetable Benefits: Color Guide. Conlon L.E., Wallig M.A., Erdman J.W.J. Last updated on Jan 23, 2023. The conclusions about the role of lycopene in colorectal cancer were uncertain, but the growth of colon cancer in mice supplemented with lycopene alone or with lycopene and fish oil was inhibited [63]. (Kuhad 2008a) A diabetic mouse model suggests lycopene may also attenuate diabetic neuropathic pain via its inhibitory action on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide release. Moderate consumption of beer, red wine and spirits has counteracting effects on plasma antioxidants in middle-aged men. Conceptualization, A.K. Rao A.V., Agarwal S. Bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant properties of lycopene from tomato products and their possible role in the prevention of cancer. A prospective study of lycopene and tomato product intake and risk of prostate cancer. Additionally, no dose relationship was observed. A comparison of lycopene and orchidectomy vs orchidectomy alone in the management of advanced prostate cancer. Imaida K., Tamano S., Kato K., Ikeda Y., Asamoto M., Takahashi S., Nir Z., Murakoshi M., Nishino H., Shirai T. Lack of chemopreventive effects of lycopene and curcumin on experimental rat prostate carcinogenesis. The average lycopene intake of male and female were 1.98 and 1.92 mg/capita/day, respectively. The Observed Safe Level methodology indicates up to 75 mg/day of lycopene is safe. None of the studies compared the anti-cancer effect depending on the form of lycopene supply. All six animal studies that examined the therapeutic effect of lycopene on prostate cancer obtained positive results and showed that supplementation caused tumour volume or weight reduction, apoptosis augmentation, prostate cancer-specific mortality decrease, or prostate cancer-free survival prolongation [22,27,36,54]. Lycopene is a carotenoid nutraceutical that enhances protection against cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases [1]. Histology of the pancreas was also improved in the lycopene group. Kim D.J., Takasuka N., Nishino H., Tsuda H. Chemoprevention of lung cancer by lycopene. Sesso H.D., Buring J.E., Zhang S.M., Norkus E.P., Gaziano J.M. The use of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements in the prevention and treatment of cancers is highly controversial due to the likely additive effect of many substances from the daily diet and the difficulty of designing selective studies identifying the specific substances and doses at which the nutraceuticals and dietary supplements exhibit anti-cancer effects. Antioxidant response element or stimulation of cells to produce enzymes to protect against free radicals. (Salman 2007) Lycopene and eicosapentaenoic acid also suppressed signal transduction pathways in human colon cancer cells, thus inhibiting cancer cell growth. No significant changes in EDV were observed with placebo. A randomized trial of lycopene supplementation in Tobago men with high prostate cancer risk. Ready-made supplements are based on lycopene isoforms with bioavailability comparable to tomato paste [130]. (Lodi 2016) A compounded lycopene gel administered for 1 month was beneficial in reducing the size of oral leukoplakia lesion caused by tobacco use. This review aimed to evaluate the benefits of lycopene supplementation in cancer prevention and treatment based on the results of in vivo studies. Some reports suggest that recommended lycopene doses generally range from 2 to 30 mg per day for six . The daily dietary allowance of lycopene is 0.5-27 g per person per day. The literature documents some GI complaints, such as diarrhea, dyspepsia, gas, nausea, and vomiting. (Li 2018) In an animal study of sodium fluoride toxicity, oral lycopene administered for 5 weeks exerted antioxidant effects, causing a reduction in ameloblast apoptosis. They are the most frequently chosen form of intervention, probably due to their easily quantifiable and repeatable doses. Tomato-based products are acidic and may irritate stomach ulcers. The search keywords were cancer and lycopene, and results were limited to original papers published in English until June 2022. The identified mechanisms of lycopenes interference with carcinogenesis in vivo cover the whole range of intracellular processes and their impacts on the tumour microenvironment (Table 1), which generally confirms the results obtained in in vitro studies [96]. In some studies, lycopene brought no benefit in the treatment of patients in the early stages of prostate cancer recurrence (i.e., in biochemically relapsed prostate cancer [45]) or of patients with advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer [52,53]. Lycopene protected against cancer by activating cancer-preventive phase 2 enzymes. Accessibility Prostate carcinogenesis in N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU)-testosterone-treated rats fed tomato powder, lycopene, or energy-restricted diets. Differential effects of lycopene consumed in tomato paste and lycopene in the form of a purified extract on target genes of cancer prostatic cells. (Cheng 2019) Similarly, another 2017 meta-analysis of 14 studies found that lycopene was associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (pooled RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.9). Inverse associations between plasma lycopene and other carotenoids and prostate cancer. Velmurugan B., Nagini S. Combination chemoprevention of experimental gastric carcinogenesis by s-allylcysteine and lycopene: Modulatory effects on glutathione redox cycle antioxidants. Publishers Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ; methodology, A.K. Khan U.M., Sevindik M., Zarrabi A., Nami M., Ozdemir B., Kaplan D.N., Selamoglu Z., Hasan M., Kumar M., Alshehri M.M., et al. Human and animal studies have confirmed the influence of lycopene on some hallmarks of cancer, but the contributions of particular mechanisms seem to depend on the tumour organ localisation. Publ. Taking beta carotene supplements in high doses could make the skin appear yellow or orange ( carotenemia ). Another study identified a population of head and neck cancer survivors with high lycopene serum levels. Most of the studies concerned prostate cancer, reflecting the number of in vitro studies. Tomlins S.A., Laxman B., Varambally S., Cao X., Yu J., Helgeson B.E., Cao Q., Prensner J.R., Rubin M.A., Shah R.B., et al. Sahin K., Yenice E., Tuzcu M., Orhan C., Mizrak C., Ozercan I.H., Sahin N., Yilmaz B., Bilir B., Ozpolat B., et al. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, GUID:7CE97761-0D47-4D69-B76F-A5260504B150, lycopene, cancer, in vivo study, nutraceuticals. Further, Giovannucci advises people get lycopene from food sources. The lack of established daily references for lycopene consumption has resulted in various dietary supplements unregulated lycopene content. This is especially true in people who are at higher risk of cancer after exposure to asbestos or for those who smoke. Lycopene is a potent antioxidant and possible mechanisms by which lycopene may prevent cancer may include (i) inhibition of growth and induction of differentiation in prostate cancer cells; 14,. Liu C., Lian F., Smith D.E., Russell R.M., Wang X.-D. Lycopene supplementation inhibits lung squamous metaplasia and induces apoptosis via up-regulating insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 in cigarette smoke-exposed ferrets. In addition, lycopenegenistein co-supplementation showed a protective effect against mammary carcinogenesis in an animal model [68]. van Breemen R.B., Sharifi R., Viana M., Pajkovic N., Zhu D., Yuan L., Yang Y., Bowen P.E., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M. Antioxidant effects of lycopene in African American men with prostate cancer or benign prostate hyperplasia: A randomized, controlled trial. Effects of lycopene supplementation in patients with localized prostate cancer. Materials and methods: Current study was conducted on 52 BPH patients, who were randomly assigned into four groups of treatments: lycopene plus FruHis ( n = 11, 25 mg/day lycopene and 10 mg/day FruHis), lycopene ( n = 12, 25 mg/day lycopene), FruHis ( n = 12, 10 mg/day FruHis), and placebo ( n = 13). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Prostate Cancer Prevention. VEGF level testing is the simplest tool for assessing the process of angiogenesis, but its inhibition is also indirectly expressed by tumour size and metastasis reduction, which was observed in studies where lycopene was used in the treatment of prostate cancer [19,25,97]. Lycopene intake ~ 10 mg per day. Finally, there is a need to look for predictive factors to identify a population that may benefit from lycopene supplementation. Jang S.H., Lim J.W., Morio T., Kim H. Lycopene inhibits Helicobacter pylori-induced ATM/ATR-dependent DNA damage response in gastric epithelial AGS cells. Schwenke C., Ubrig B., Thrmann P., Eggersmann C., Roth S. Lycopene for advanced hormone refractory prostate cancer: A prospective, open phase II pilot study. A lycopene-rich diet was shown to reduce the incidence of pancreatic cancer in humans by 31% [78]. Ansari M.S., Gupta N.P. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. (Erdman 2009, Godsey 2016, Rao 2006, Singh 2008, van Breemen 2008) Several molecular mechanisms of action(Grabowska 2019) are proposed for lycopene's anticancer activity, including the following: Antioxidant activity or reduction of free radicals. The daily per capita intake value of total phenolics was highest in raw tomatoes (7.21 mg/capita/day), followed by watermelons (1.72 mg/capita/day), tomato ketchup (1.41 mg/capita/day), and tomato juice (0.80 mg/capita/day). The studies were retrospective and prospective, with a follow-up period of 6 months to 23 years. ; funding acquisition, A.K. Luo C., Wu X.-G. Lycopene enhances antioxidant enzyme activities and immunity function in N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-enduced gastric cancer rats. Calcium-containing products: Lycopene decreases the bioavailability of calcium. De Stefani E., Oreggia F., Boffetta P., Deneo-Pellegrini H., Ronco A., Mendilaharsu M. Tomatoes, tomato-rich foods, lycopene and cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: A case-control in Uruguay. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. and A.K. (Soares 2019) Lycopene decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Mariani S., Lionetto L., Cavallari M., Tubaro A., Rasio D., De Nunzio C., Hong G.M., Borro M., Simmaco M. Low prostate concentration of lycopene is associated with development of prostate cancer in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. (Li 2017), Clinical studies suggest lycopene may be effective as a first-line therapy in treating oral submucous fibrosis(Kumar 2007) and in combination with other therapies in treating gingivitis. According to MayoClinic.com, recommended doses of lycopene generally range from 2 to 30 mg per day for up to six months. Lycopene was administered via 10% w/w beadlets at a low dosage of 2.2 mg/kg BW/day and a high dosage of 6.6 mg/kg BW/day over 22 weeks. Our research provided ample evidence for the anti-cancer role of lycopene in the prostate and breast cancer cell lines. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure. (Burgess 2008) Lycopene prevented chemically induced DNA and chromosome damage as well as tumor-promoting activity in liver cells through antioxidant activity and inhibition of growth factors and signaling pathways. (Tong 2016), In 19 subjects, dietary lycopene supplementation in the form of tomato juice, spaghetti sauce, and tomato oleoresin decreased serum lipid peroxidation and LDL oxidation, suggesting potential use in decreasing risk of coronary heart disease. Jian L., Du C.-J., Lee A.H., Binns C.W. Bohn T., Desmarchelier C., Dragsted L.O., Nielsen C.S., Stahl W., Rhl R., Keijer J., Borel P. Host-related factors explaining interindividual variability of carotenoid bioavailability and tissue concentrations in humans. Getting at least 10 milligrams of lycopene per day appears helpful. This pigment belongs to the class of carotenoids, antioxidant compounds that counteract the cellular damage that can lead to heart disease, cancer, macular degeneration and other diseases. and M.S. Saini R.K., Rengasamy K.R.R., Mahomoodally F.M., Keum Y.-S. (Huang 2007, Scolastici 2008, Tharappel 2008) Decreased insulin growth factor 1 contributed to reduced growth in human prostate cancer cells treated with lycopene. Patients received these supplements for 8 weeks. (Song 2017) Beneficial cardiovascular effects noted with lycopene may be due in part to its antiplatelet effects. Rowles J.L., Smith J.W., Applegate C.C., Miller R.J., Wallig M.A., Kaur A., Sarol J.N., Musaad S., Clinton S.K., OBrien W.D., et al. There was a decrease in the percentage of prostate cancer cells in G0/G1 and G2/M phases after 96 hours of treatment with tomato paste and tomato extract. (Roohbakhsh 2017), In a cross-sectional study evaluating dietary carotenoid intake of pregnant women (N=1,978), the authors determined that each 1 mg increase in lycopene intake was associated with a 5% reduction in the risk for gestational diabetes (95% CI, 0.91 to 0.99; P=0.02). Amounts typically found in food are considered safe. Growing evidence exists for the use of lycopene in prostate cancer prevention. No significant associations were noted for myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, heart failure, or atrial fibrillation. (El-Ashmawy 2018) Lycopene was also found to improve neurological function from spinal cord ischemia injury in a murine model; specifically, it attenuated cyclooxygenase-2 and nuclear factor kappaB levels. In vitro, lycopene has been found to inhibit human colon carcinoma, myeloid leukemia, and lymphoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. See specific indications in Uses and Pharmacology section. Walmsley C.M., Bates C.J., Prentice A., Cole T.J. The cancer-protective effect of lycopene was enhanced by green tea, selenium, and vitamin E in the prostate, by genistein in the breast, by D-arginine in the lungs, and by S-allylcysteine in the stomach [10,34,68,80,93]. Tang Y., Parmakhtiar B., Simoneau A.R., Xie J., Fruehauf J., Lilly M., Zi X. Lycopene enhances docetaxels effect in castration-resistant prostate cancer associated with insulin-like growth factor I receptor levels. Lycopene gives tomatoes, pink grapefruit, watermelon, apricots and other red, pink or orange fruits and vegetables their vivid colors. Lycopene supplementation elevates circulating insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 and -2 concentrations in persons at greater risk of colorectal cancer. Methods: Twenty selected prostate cancer patients were given whole-tomato supplement lycopene 10 mg per day for about 6 months. Complex interactions between dietary and genetic factors impact lycopene metabolism and distribution. Actual intake of lycopene for most Americans is about about 2 mg/day, or about the amount in a cup of cherry tomatoes, meaning that most of us should aim to increase our intake of lycopene-rich foods. There are limited data on the role of lycopene in urological neoplasms other than prostate cancer. In general, tomato-based products and lycopene supplements are well tolerated. Lycopene: Food Sources, Biological Activities, and Human Health Benefits. Lycopene and soy isoflavones in the treatment of prostate cancer. Lycopene from heat-induced cis-isomer-rich tomato sauce is more bioavailable than from all-trans-rich tomato sauce in human subjects. (Grabowska 2019, Tvrd 2016), One study involving 20 patients showed a significant correlation between skin roughness and lycopene dietary concentration, with higher levels of antioxidants leading to lower levels of skin roughness. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and breast cancer risk: Pooled individual data analysis of 17 prospective studies. One cup of canned tomato paste provides 75 mg of lycopene, compared to 5 mg in one cup of raw tomatoes, the Linus Pauling Institute notes. You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product. Mayne S.T., Cartmel B., Lin H., Zheng T., Goodwin W.J.J. Only one study indirectly concluded that the pyruvate-lowering effect of lycopene might be causally related to a reduced risk of prostate cancer [55]. FOIA (Polidori 2003, Steinberg 1998) In another study, lycopene administration positively impacted the chance of successful pregnancy with in vitro fertilization; while donor sperm freezing can increase oxidative stress on the sperm, lycopene can increase sperm motility and reduce DNA damage. A European Food Safety Authority panel recommends a lycopene intake of 0.5 mg/kg body weight per day, at most 75 mg per day, but some reviews have shown that a dietary or formulated lycopene consumption of even up to 3 g per day is safe [96,128,129]. In a study about lycopene in prostate cancer treatment, the supplementation did not alter the IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels [97]. Unlu N.Z., Bohn T., Francis D.M., Nagaraja H.N., Clinton S.K., Schwartz S.J. 4 One included preliminary results of the study that had been already included in the review and the second was an epidemiological study. The mechanisms that were studied and confirmed in the analysed in vivo studies are presented in Table 1. Although lycopene may offer numerous health benefits, a recommended intake for this plant pigment has not been established. A separate 12-week study showed that those taking between 8 and 16 mg of lycopenefrom food or supplementshad a 40 to 50 percent reduction in skin redness after UV . (Burgess 2008, Jackson 2008, Mozos 2018, Stice 2018, van Breemen 2008) The double bonds are necessary for lycopene's antioxidant properties. Soil quality also has an impact, with use of a soil moisturizer resulting in increased lycopene content. Cui L., Xu F., Wu K., Li L., Qiao T., Li Z., Chen T., Sun C. Anticancer effects and possible mechanisms of lycopene intervention on N-methylbenzylnitrosamine induced esophageal cancer in F344 rats based on PPAR(1). Because the specific role of lycopene in disease prevention has not been established, the American Cancer Society advises that you eat at least five servings of deeply colored fruits and vegetables each day to receive the health benefits of lycopene and other antioxidants. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Clinical research has not verified that taking lycopene in supplement form can reduce your risk of cancer or heart disease. With regard to cancers of the digestive system, lycopene intake showed a strong protective effect against stomach cancer, regardless of H. pylori status [82]. (Kuhad 2008b) Lycopene may also be useful in type 2 diabetes by reducing fasting blood glucose levels, suppressing oxidative stress, enhancing innate immunity or serum levels of immunoglobulin M, and attenuating inflammation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. (Banerjee 2009, Sharma 2003) Amounts typically found in food are considered safe. Large molecules such as pectins hinder lycopene absorption, while fat facilitates it. (Tjahjodjati 2020) A comparative analysis assessed the impact of various tomato-based food products on prostate cancer cell lines. Avoid use. (Illic 2012) In another study, lycopene concentrations changed rapidly in men with prostate cancer given lycopene supplements for several weeks prior to radical prostatectomy. (Sachdeva 2015), In a rat model of diabetes, lycopene alone and in combination with insulin exerted neuroprotective effects and attenuated apoptosis in the hippocampal regions of the brain. The lack of toxicity of high doses of lycopene may be due to the fact that lycopene absorption has an upper limit of saturated concentration and is not absorbed when the dose exceeds 60 mg [129]. All the studies about lycopene in head and neck cancer confirmed its anti-cancer activity. Al-Yafeai A., Bhm V. In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids and Vitamin E in Rosehip Products and Tomato Paste as Affected by Pectin Contents and Food Processing. Lu Q.Y., Hung J.C., Heber D., Go V.L., Reuter V.E., Cordon-Cardo C., Scher H.I., Marshall J.R., Zhang Z.F. (Burgess 2008, van Breemen 2008) Lycopene's biochemistry is unique because it has no provitamin A activity, unlike many other carotenoids, such as alpha-carotene and beta-carotene. Watermelon, pink, grapefruit, guava, apricots and papaya contain lycopene. van Het Hof K.H., West C.E., Weststrate J.A., Hautvast J.G. However, for lung cancer the trend was different depending on sex, with a statistically insignificant reduction of risk in males [74,87,95]. Beynon R.A., Richmond R.C., Santos Ferreira D.L., Ness A.R., May M., Smith G.D., Vincent E.E., Adams C., Ala-Korpela M., Wrtz P., et al. Lycopene's efficient absorption from tomato products facilitates its antioxidant effects and may also play an important role in cancer prevention. (Ascenso 2016), Reports exist of positive outcomes with beta-carotene in skin disorders, including cancer, pigment imbalance, and photodermatoses(Beta carotene 1991, Pietzcker 1977, Pietzcker 1979, Pollitt 1975); however, lycopene may not share these effects because of its structural configuration. Further population-specific studies are needed to quantify the anti-tumour role of lycopene. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Bhatia N., Gupta P., Singh B., Koul A. Lycopene Enriched Tomato Extract Inhibits Hypoxia, Angiogenesis, and Metastatic Markers in early Stage N-Nitrosodiethylamine Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Kitamura Y., Tanaka K., Kiyohara C., Hirohata T., Tomita Y., Ishibashi M., Kido K. Relationship of alcohol use, physical activity and dietary habits with serum carotenoids, retinol and alpha-tocopherol among male Japanese smokers. (Murray 1996), Processed tomato products (eg, tomato paste) are a better source of lycopene than fresh tomatoes,(New study 1997) and provide greater bioavailability. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the (Ried 2011), Effects of oral lycopene supplementation on vascular function were investigated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with parallel arms, including statin-treated patients with cardiovascular disease (n=36) and healthy volunteers (n=36). Antioxidants block prostate cancer in lady transgenic mice. A large study observed that dietary intake of lycopene was associated with a reduced risk of lethal prostate cancer and a lower degree of angiogenesis in the tumour [24]. How Does It Work? (Holzapfel 2017), In a clinical trial, tomato-derived lycopene supplementation (30 mg/day for 2 months) had beneficial effects in healthy women with a high risk of breast cancer (n=36) but not in breast cancer survivors (n=24). To date, the role of lycopene in preventing these inflammatory neoplasms has been studied only retrospectively in gastric and colorectal cancer, showing the benefits and non-benefits of lycopene [33,60], respectively. [ 74 ] administered 30 mg/day lycopene (in the form of a tomato oleoresin) plus a multivitamin or just a . Low plasma lycopene concentration is associated with increased mortality in a cohort of patients with prior oral, pharynx or larynx cancers. Vrieling A., Voskuil D.W., Bonfrer J.M., Korse C.M., van Doorn J., Cats A., Depla A.C., Timmer R., Witteman B.J., van Leeuwen F.E., et al. Nevertheless, the outcomes of specific pathway analyses are inconclusive and require some comment. Ansari M.S., Gupta N.P. Protective effects of lycopene in cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases: An update on epidemiological and mechanistic perspectives. However, we are aware that the limitation of the presented analysis is its qualitative nature and the inclusion of studies regardless of the risk of bias. Zhao B., Wu J., Li J., Bai Y., Luo Y., Ji B., Xia B., Liu Z., Tan X., Lv J., et al. (Grabowska 2019, Tvrd 2016), In a study of bovine sperm, lycopene exhibited significant reactive oxygen speciesscavenging and antioxidant properties, which may prevent spermatozoa alterations caused by oxidative stress and preserve the functionality of male reproductive cells; lycopene administration resulted in preservation of spermatozoa motion parameters, mitochondrial function, and antioxidant characteristics. Correlates of serum lycopene in older women. This is why there is a lot of research interest in lycopene's role, if any, in preventing cancer. (Kohlmeier 1997) Plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations were reduced by 14% in 6 men consuming dietary supplements of lycopene 60 mg/day for a 3-month period. (Petyaev 2016). The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/nu14235152/s1, Table S1: Search terms; Table S2: Table: Overview of in vivo studies on the role of lycopene in cancer prevention; Table S3: Table: Overview of in vivo studies on the role of lycopene in cancer treatment; Table S4: Table: Overview of the analysed animal-based studies; Table S5: Table: Overview of human in vivo studies on lycopene in cancer with endpoints other than outcomes of treatment or prevention. Moody L., Crowder S.L., Fruge A.D., Locher J.L., Demark-Wahnefried W., Rogers L.Q., Delk-Licata A., Carroll W.R., Spencer S.A., Black M., et al. Chen P., Xu S., Qu J. Lycopene Protects Keratinocytes Against UVB Radiation-Induced Carcinogenesis via Negative Regulation of FOXO3a through the mTORC2/AKT Signaling Pathway. Most of them (n = 15) were observational studies in which the incidence of prostate cancer was assessed in relation to the declared amount of consumed products containing lycopene. Subgroup analysis results showed that higher dosage of lycopene supplement (>12 mg/day) could lower SBP more significantly, especially for participants with baseline SBP >120 mmHg, or Asians, while lycopene intervention had no statistical effect on diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (mean DBP = -3.809 [-8.177, 0.560], p = 0.087), and obvious heterogeneity was also observed (p = 0.074, I2 = 53.1%). (Stice 2018) Tomato sauce and ketchup contain 33 to 68 mg of lycopene per 100 g, while raw tomatoes contain 3.1 mg of lycopene per 100 g.(Murray 1996, van Breemen 2008) Mechanical treatment with heat helps release lycopene from the tomato matrix, improving bioavailability, as seen with processed commercial tomato products versus fresh tomatoes. Thus, such references were the secondary sources of papers. Relationship between cigarette smoking and nutrient intakes and blood status indices of older people living in the UK: Further analysis of data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over, 1994/95. There are also reports that the action of lycopene may be modified by the XRCC1 genotype, which is responsible for DNA repair [38,127]. Abstract. Increased serum or plasma lycopene levels have been reported to be associated with a. Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations and prostate cancer risk: Results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and colorectal cancer risk: Results from the EPIC cohort, plus a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Rao A.V., Fleshner N., Agarwal S. Serum and tissue lycopene and biomarkers of oxidation in prostate cancer patients: A case-control study. Serum levels of folate, lycopene, -carotene, retinol and vitamin E and prostate cancer risk. Wang Y., Jacobs E.J., Newton C.C., McCullough M.L. Apoptosis or elimination of unhealthy abnormal cells. Tea and lycopene protect against prostate cancer. Lycopene is a powerful antioxidant that may help protect cells from damage. (Gao 2019). One study in the review showed an association between low levels of lycopene and higher rates of Alzheimer disease. Improvement in forearm blood flow from baseline, as measured by endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (EDV), was significant in cardiovascular disease patients (63% higher; P=0.008), with values approximating those of healthy volunteers at baseline. In the cited intervention studies, lycopene was supplied as a dietary component (tomato paste) or as ready-made supplements available in the countries where the studies were conducted (see Supplements). An association between lycopene intake and decreased stomach cancer risk has been observed. One report found beta-carotene to be active in wound healing, while lycopene was inactive. Additionally, for every 2 mg of lycopene consumed, the investigators found a 1% decrease in prostate cancer risk. Such increases in FMD and oxygen saturation were not noted in patients taking a lactolycopene formulation. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Lycopene reduced skin toxicity during treatment with panitumumab in the mechanism of tissue protection from oxidative stress [90]. (Grabowska 2019) In the United States, reported daily intake ranges from 3.7 to 16.2 mg/day. Eating a variety of brightly colored fruits and vegetables each day may be a more effective way to prevent chronic disease than taking lycopene in supplement form, the American Cancer Society notes. Richelle M., Bortlik K., Liardet S., Hager C., Lambelet P., Baur M., Applegate L.A., Offord E.A. Tjahjodjati, Sugandi S., Umbas R., Satari M. The Protective Effect of Lycopene on Prostate Growth Inhibitory Efficacy by Decreasing Insulin Growth Factor-1 in Indonesian Human Prostate Cancer Cells. Lycopene bioavailability can be affected by a number of factors, including food processing and dietary composition. Lycopene, tomato products and prostate cancer-specific mortality among men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Dietary factors that affect the bioavailability of carotenoids. (Hayhoe 2017), Oxidative stress is recognized as a major contributor to increased cancer risk. Serological precursors of cancer: Malignant melanoma, basal and squamous cell skin cancer, and prediagnostic levels of retinol, beta- carotene, lycopene, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium. Lycopene Protects Against Spontaneous Ovarian Cancer Formation in Laying Hens. Jiang X., Wu H., Zhao W., Ding X., You Q., Zhu F., Qian M., Yu P. Lycopene improves the efficiency of anti-PD-1 therapy via activating IFN signaling of lung cancer cells. It has low and variable bioavailability. A Tomato-Based, Lycopene-Containing Intervention for Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer: Results of a Phase II Study from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group. (Burgess 2008, Rao 2006, Salman 2007), Lycopene is a highly unsaturated, straight chain 40-carbon acyclic carotenoid containing 11 conjugated double bonds and 2 nonconjugated double bonds, with a molecular mass of 536 and a chemical formula of C40H56. A very important aspect in the design of clinical trials with lycopene is appropriate population selection and attention to racial differences, which affect pharmacodynamics and are associated with different baseline levels of lycopene in populations with different diets [26]. Lu Y., Edwards A., Chen Z., Tseng T.-S., Li M., Gonzalez G.V., Zhang K. Insufficient Lycopene Intake Is Associated With High Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (20032010). Phase I-II prospective dose-escalating trial of lycopene in patients with biochemical relapse of prostate cancer after definitive local therapy. Available for Android and iOS devices. The Observed Safe Level methodology indicates up to 75 mg/day of lycopene is safe. Other in vivo studies on prostate cancer in humans and animals also showed no effect of lycopene on IGF levels, and only one study in mice showed an increase in IGFBP3 [15,27,32]. Clinical studies evaluating the effects of supplemental lycopene in preeclampsia have produced conflicting results regarding benefit, and some evidence of harm has been reported. Thus, specific formulation used may impact potential outcomes. (Grabowska 2019). Walfisch S., Walfisch Y., Kirilov E., Linde N., Mnitentag H., Agbaria R., Sharoni Y., Levy J. Tomato lycopene extract supplementation decreases insulin-like growth factor-I levels in colon cancer patients. The discrepancies in the results depending on the tumour organ localisation may indicate that the insulin pathway has less importance in the development of prostate cancer than in the development of breast and colorectal cancer, which is indirectly confirmed by the results of analyses of the role of the IGF axis in carcinogenesis [102,103,104]. The levels of lycopene were inversely associated with incidence and mortality in these cancers [64,67]. (Agarwal 1998) An epidemiological study in 10 European countries also showed beneficial effects on the heart correlating with lycopene lipid levels and reduced risk of myocardial infarction. Common variation in the beta-carotene 15,15-monooxygenase 1 gene affects circulating levels of carotenoids: A genome-wide association study. (Voskuil 2008) In a longitudinal study in which serum levels of various carotenoids and micronutrients were measured in a subset of women from the Women's Health Initiative clinical trials (N=5,450), higher baseline levels of lycopene were associated with an increased risk of invasive breast cancer during a median follow-up of 8 years. In addition, in humans, lycopene seemed not to have reduced the risk of colorectal, skin, or lung cancer. Serum lycopene concentration and prostate cancer risk: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Some GI complaints (eg, diarrhea, dyspepsia, gas, nausea, vomiting) are documented. (Fenni 2017) In mice, intravenous lycopene reduced myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through suppression of reactive oxygen species accumulation and consequent inflammation. Avoid use in individuals with hypersensitivity to lycopene or any of its food sources, especially tomatoes. and E.M.; writingreview and editing, A.K. Subgroup analysis results showed that a higher dosage of lycopene supplement (greater than 12 mg/day) could lower SBP more significantly, especially for participants with baseline SBP greater than 120 mm Hg or Asian participants. 3 Endpoint not related to cancer incidence, growth, or mortality. This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. (Gupta 2007) In 997 middle-aged men, an inverse association was found between serum lycopene levels and overall cancer incidence, but no association was found between lycopene levels and prostate cancer risk. In the animal model, lycopene supplementation prevented type B ultraviolet-induced photocarcinogenesis, which was not shown in the human observational studies [86,87]. Bowen P., Chen L., Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M., Duncan C., Sharifi R., Ghosh L., Kim H.-S., Christov-Tzelkov K., van Breemen R. Tomato sauce supplementation and prostate cancer: Lycopene accumulation and modulation of biomarkers of carcinogenesis. Only 5 of the 39 studies about the anti-cancer role of lycopene in tumours other than prostate cancer had negative results. (Gerster 1997, Kim 2018) Lycopene was more efficient than any carotenoid in inhibiting insulinlike growth factor type 1 (high levels of this growth factor are related to an increased risk of cancer) in patients with a higher risk of colorectal cancer. About 70% of all the studies confirmed various anti-cancer properties of lycopene (Figure 2). Consult a doctor about any health conditions before taking . (Roohbakhsh 2017) In some animal models, lycopene reduced diabetes-induced learning and memory impairment by decreasing oxidative stress and inflammation. Kim M.J., Kim H. Anticancer Effect of Lycopene in Gastric Carcinogenesis. Zu K., Mucci L., Rosner B.A., Clinton S.K., Loda M., Stampfer M.J., Giovannucci E. Dietary lycopene, angiogenesis, and prostate cancer: A prospective study in the prostate-specific antigen era. Huang C.-S., Liao J.-W., Hu M.-L. Lycopene inhibits experimental metastasis of human hepatoma SK-Hep-1 cells in athymic nude mice. 8600 Rockville Pike Am. Christopher Columbus may have learned of the nutritional benefits of fruits and tomatoes from the inhabitants of the New World. The data collected from the papers included the size of the studied population, the type of study and intervention, the source and doses of supplemented lycopene, the exact endpoints, and the most important findings. Exp. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Lycopene supplements may have unknown side effects or medication interactions when taken in high doses. (Darvin 2008) In a placebo-controlled study, lycopene effectively managed oral lichen planus. Graff R.E., Pettersson A., Lis R.T., Ahearn T.U., Markt S.C., Wilson K.M., Rider J.R., Fiorentino M., Finn S., Kenfield S.A., et al. Kucuk O., Sarkar F.H., Djuric Z., Sakr W., Pollak M.N., Khachik F., Banerjee M., Bertram J.S., Wood D.P. In one study, the therapeutic effect of lycopene was enhanced in combination with docetaxel, where an approximately 98% increase in apoptotic cells was achieved when lycopene + docetaxel was used compared to when docetaxel alone was used [22]. No toxic effects were observed in rats treated with lycopene 2,000 mg/kg/day for 28 days, an intake similar to a human lycopene dosage of approximately 200 mg/kg of body weight per day. No consensus regarding recommended dosing of lycopene lycopene effectively managed oral lichen planus by lycopene mortality among diagnosed... Product intake and decreased stomach cancer risk and -2 concentrations in persons at risk. At higher risk of cancer after exposure to asbestos or for those who smoke is. And medical conditions, other serum carotenoids, and risk of colorectal risk! And independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, foods, or diets! Of cervical carcinogenesis was noted in patients with localized prostate cancer in US Blacks and Whites cell growth higher of. [ a ] pyrene-induced mutagenesis in prostate cancer risk of anti-PD-1 therapy [ 79 ] lycopene offer... Consumption has resulted in various doseforms ( eg, capsule, softgel and. J.W., Morio T., kim H. lycopene inhibits Helicobacter pylori-induced ATM/ATR-dependent damage! Activities of lycopene varied from 16 DNA oxidative damage while fat facilitates it lacZ.... 1.92 mg/capita/day, respectively cohort of patients with prior oral, pharynx or larynx cancers claims! Probably due to their easily quantifiable and repeatable doses drug therapy in hormone metastatic! ( Salman 2007 ) tomato-based products are acidic and may also play important... Novel drug therapy in hormone refractory metastatic prostate cancer were reported in 692,012 participants called carotenoid... 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