The reaction was one of resentment and further polarization of Spanish society as the high nobility and the church, happy with the new acquisition of power, sided and supported the French monarchy ("afrancesados") while other sectors became polarised into growing antimonarchic and anti-French hostility. Although the existence of a 16th- and 17th-century Spanish black legend is agreed upon by the majority of scholars, aspects of the legend are still debated. Hispanophobia (from Latin Hispanus, "Spanish" and Greek (phobia), "fear") or anti-Spanish sentiment is a fear, distrust, hatred of; aversion to, or discrimination against the Spanish language, Hispanic, Latino and/or Spanish people, and/or Hispanic culture. The causes are: The liberal European societies started to look down on those societies that maintained their uniformity, they were also the object of social analysis. Spanish scholar Henry Kamen has attributed the spread of this slander to Spain's bitter maritime rivalry with Britain and France, and the desire of Netherlands and northern Italy to end Spanish political . The Spanish united with the natives against the aztec empire because they were oppresed 01 Jun 2023 13:46:26 According to Juderas, the outside world had long viewed Spain and her past through prisms that distorted the Spanish reality. Click the card to flip There was oppressive labor, disruption of food supply, deliberate extermination, disease Click the card to flip 1 / 12 Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Garcia_The_Amazing Terms in this set (12) The American politician and orator Robert Green Ingersoll (18331899) is quoted as saying:[42]. A New Jersey internet radio host, white supremacist, and convicted felon, Hal Turner, used to broadcast out of his house and made similar remarks, some of which were posted by the Anti-Defamation League under the category extremism. He declared that "These women think that they can turn into ravens, but they are just mentally ill!" Nothing was left but Spaniards; that is to say, indolence, pride, cruelty and infinite superstition. Answer (1 of 3): The Black Legend is a term to define the politicised history boasted by Britain and others who found it convenient for ages, turning Spain into a ridiculous evil caricature, ignoring or exaggerating historic events in order to put themselves as a morally superior coloniser to oth. Villarrubia believes that Spain's Inquisition is a positive thing because it led to more people converting to Catholicism. Madrid: Siruela, 201, Railings, Helen, The Spanish Inquisition, Blackwell Publishing (2006). This thread is archived Box 9103 NL-6500 HD NijmegenThe Netherlands, Tel (+31) (0)24 361 21 68 Fax (+31) (0)24 361 18 02 E-mail: receptie@ftr.ru.nl, Faculty of Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies, Available grants and scholarships for Theology, Public Lectures hosted by Radboud Reflects, Participatiesamenleving en christelijk sociaal denken, Benedictine Centre for Liturgical Studies, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm#IIB, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/29/spain-black-legend-inquisition-conquistadors, https://catholicism.org/the-black-legend.html. The case was taken to the General-Inquisitor in Madrid, who agreed with Fras in considering that the women were not witches, just mentally disturbed. And the Spaniards made their way and treated me like their brother on that very significant day.". Accusers tended to throw "witchcraft" or other vague accusations into the mix, along with legitimate claims. Vol. [36] Both works extracted and summarized the darkest parts of the Inquisition and focussed on the use of deception to secure convictions, thereby making procedures known that even the most bitter enemies of the Inquisition had ignored. Back translation from Spanish of Kamen's book; On one hand, none of the popular revolts of the 16th and 17th centuries attacked the Inquisition. Many of the themes that are repeated later on are to be found in this text: anyone can be tried for any triviality; the Inquisition is infallible; people are usually accused to gain money, because of jealousy, or to hide the actions of the Inquisition; if proof is not found it is invented; the prisoners are isolated with no contact with the outside world in dark dungeons where they suffer horrible torture etc. [15], On one hand, Catholic theologians criticized the Protestants as newcomers, who, unlike the Catholic Church could not prove a continuity from the time of Christ. During this time many pamphlets were published and translated including A Fig for the Spaniard. In 1525, Venetian ambassador Contarini said that all people trembled before the Inquisition. Today that country is a mere peripherical country under Franco-German sphere of influence. Abbe Guillaume-Thomas Raynal attained a fame equivalent to that of Montesquieu, Voltaire or Rousseau with his book Histoire philosophique et politique des tablissements et du commerce des europens dans les deux Indes, even to the point that in 1789 he was considered one of the fathers of the French Revolution. Madrid: Siruela, 2017, Arnoldsson (1960), p.20-22, 95; Peters (1989), p.132; Garca Crcel (1997), p.27-29; Kamen (1999), p. 309, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. When the persecution of Protestants started in Spain the hostility felt towards the Pope was immediately extended to include the King of Spain, on whom the Inquisition depended, and the Dominicans who carried it out. He advances the theory that the Spanish monarchy is nothing more than the play thing of the church and specifically the Inquisition. In general, Italians considered the Inquisition as a necessary evil for the Spaniards, whose religion the Italians viewed as questionable if not false, after centuries of mixing with Jews and moriscos. He was convinced that the Dominican friars had converted the Inquisition into something execrable, that Philip II was not aware of the true proceedings and that the Spanish people were opposed to the sinister organization. As it has been estated, the Inquisitorial court was a court regulated by a system, not by a person, much like courts work in modern European democracies. Francesco Guicciardini, Florentine ambassador at the court of Charles I, stated that Spaniards were "in appearance religious, but not in reality", almost the same words by Tiepolo in 1536. For example, in 1542 Alonso Ruiz de Virus, humanist and Archbishop, criticized its intolerance and those that used chains and the axe to change the disposition of the soul; Juan de Mariana, despite supporting the Inquisition, criticized forced conversions and the belief in purity of blood (limpieza de sangre). Each of those places had problems with both the Spanish monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church, meaning the Spanish Inquisition's intertwining of the two provided an easy target. He shows a better understanding and knowledge of the internal workings of the tribunal, probably thanks to the work of Abbe Morellet who he used extensively and to his direct knowledge of some cases, such as that of Gabriel Malagrida, whose death in Lisbon caused a wave of indignation throughout Europe. Bethencourt, Francisco. I apologize if I come across as a colonial apologist. Imperiofobia Y Leyenda Negra: Roma, Rusia, Estados Unidos Y El Imperio Espaol. For proponents of this "White Legend", the Spanish Inquisition is not the dark stain on Spanish and Roman Catholic history that the Black Legend claims it to be. This supposed "Spanish character" was publicized in many travel books which were the most popular type of literature of the period. How does the past "change?" This image was in part promoted by the Spanish crown. Laws were also in place to protect Indios from abuse (while not always enforced of course), and slavery was outlawed and replaced with the polo y servicios system, which allowed people who could afford it the ability to bypass having to meet its requirements. Black Legend Spain's reputation as bloodthirsty conquistadors Columbian Exchange the movement of plants, animals, and diseases across the Atlantic due to European exploration of the Americas commodification the transformation of somethingfor example, an item of ritual significanceinto a commodity with monetary value The "Black Legend" of the Spanish Inquisition is a movement meant to make the Kingdom of Spain look bad. This is demonstrated by a statement made by the Socialist Member of Parliament Fernando Garrido in April 1869[48] that the Church had used the "Court of the Inquisition as an instrument for its own ends. In the early 20th century, Anglo-Americans used eugenics as a basis for their hispanophobia in the United States. Representational strategies of inclusion and exclusion in Jos del Olmos narrative and Francisco Rizis visual record of the Madrid Auto de Fe of 1680', Romance Studies, vol. In America in the 19th century, knowledge of the Inquisition was spread by Protestant polemical writers and historians such as Prescott and John Lothrop, whose ideology influenced the story. Peters, Edward, Inquisition, Dissent, Heterodoxy and the Medieval Inquisitional Office, pp. Its proponents argue that its roots date back to the 16th century, when it originally was a political and psychological weapon that was used by Spain's European rivals in order to demonize the Spanish Empire, its people, and its culture, minimize Spanish discoveries and achievements, and counter its influence and power in world affairs. While the "Black Legend" took hold for hundreds of years, recently a new legend has appeared, the "White Legend". The Hispanic Civilisation Foundation aims "to restore a lost sense of pride in the spread of Spanish culture".3Spokesman Borja Cardelus says the problem is not the fact of the Spanish Inquisition, but rather the fact that "others, outside Spain, have been the ones making Spain's image".4 What bothers Cardelus about the "Black Legend" is not that it exists, but that he believes Spanish culture has been damaged by non-Spaniards. Black Legend, Spanish Leyenda Negra, term indicating an unfavourable image of Spain and Spaniards, accusing them of cruelty and intolerance, formerly prevalent in the works of many non-Spanish, and especially Protestant, historians. Although his article on wine praised Spanish wine his conclusion was that its abuse can cause incurable illnesses. Kamen[9] establishes two sources for the Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition. The Black Legend: Are the Spanish Evil? Voltaire's attacks on the Inquisition became more serious and acute from 1761. These writings reasoned that those countries that accepted the Catholic religion not only lost their religious liberties but also their civil liberties due to the Inquisition. 29, no. For example, the description of the auto-da-f is based on that given by Voltaire in Candide. The Black Legend of the Spanish Inquisition is the hypothesis of the existence of a series of myths and fabrications about the Spanish Inquisition used as propaganda against the Spanish Empire in a time of strong military, commercial and political rivalry between European powers, starting in the 16th century. Who "in order to distinguish itself in this odious task, were led to unprecedented excesses". [50] Another mistake is to assume that the elevated number of trials indicated an active prosecution and search by the inquisitors instead of cases brought to them, or to assume a high ratio of conviction per trial instead of reading through the entire sentences. Either by accident, just as the result of mostly discontent people were the only ones who could write and talk about the institution internationally, or by design, the negative accounts from Spain's very international nobility constituted a large number of the total accounts of the Inquisition produced. Pierre-Louis-Auguste de Crusy, Marquis de Marcillac, For example, an anonymous book published in London in 1770 states that "the mind of the inhabitants is darkened by superstition and the efforts of erudition are beset by the terrors of the Inquisition and many other shackles, by which the tyranny of the clergy maintains the people in slavery.". What Is The Black Legend. The largely fabricated story relates the tale of a prisoner who passes through all the stages of the process and above all the interrogation, allowing the reader to identify with the victim. [23][24][25], During this period, religious fanatics gained the support of others who were more moderate and above all of members of the government, which financed pamphlets and published edicts. The Spanish Inquisition, with its blurred mixture of Church and State, did use torture and violence as a means to suppress religious dissidents, especially among those who had converted to Christianity from Islam or Judaism and then stepped back into their previous faiths. The article on Spain was written by Masson de Morvilliers[38] and it naturally mentions the Inquisition. Eventually, anti-monarchic intellectuals and Spaniards resenting the new rule started identifying the alleged cruelties of the medieval church and the Inquisition as reflections of their own perceived oppression under the Bourbons. With support from the eugenicist, C.M. Many forms of hispanophobia endemic to the Texas Revolution still flourish in the United States today. . The Black Legend was propaganda that demonized Spain, Spanish people and Spanish culture all around the world Nov 2, 2016 Brad Smithfield The world map has changed many times throughout history. This wooden statue is known by many names including; La Moreneta, St. Mary of Montserrat, the Black Virgin and most commonly The Virgin of Montserrat. They consistently point to religion being a very unifying factor amongst the natives, mestizo, and Spanish, and that abuse by Catholic clergy was not nearly as widespread as its taught in history books. The first load of African slaves brought to Virginia arrived at Jamestown in 1619. Sewell spoke of "bombing [sic] Santo Domingo, Havana, Puerto Rico, and Mexico itself" with the Spanish Bible, and Cotton Mather even wrote a book on Protestant doctrine in Spanish, published in Boston in 1699, intended foras he might saythe darker regions of Spanish America. In the same way that Protestant Europe had used the Black Legend as a political weapon in the 16th century, the United States used it during the Cuban War of Independence. The Black Madonna is one of the most interesting sights to uncover on this fascinating mountain. Along with the myths woven around the execution of witches in America the myth of the Inquisition was maintained as a malevolent abstraction, sustained by anti-Catholicism. Anke Bernau and Bettina Bildhauer (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011), 119.2 Joseph Blotzer, "Inquisition," in The Catholic Encylopedia (Robert Appleton Company, 1910),http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm#IIB. Nearly all the Spanish-speaking immigrants were Roman Catholic, as opposed to the nation's Protestant majority. [7] Proponents of that view note that the English-only movement attracts public support primarily by functioning as a hispanophobic form of intimidation. That is to say, the Inquisition is the true government of Spain. In twelve years his book went through seven editions. The Black Legend, a body of traditional literature hostile to Spain, its people, and its culture. How accurate is the Spanish Black Legend in Filipino history, the idea that Spains legacy in the Philippines was purposely tarred by the Americans, and that Spanish colonization largely benevolent? A school of liberal historians appeared in France and Spain at the start of the 19th century who were the first to talk about Spanish decline. The black legend of Spain was a group of invented ideas by the rest of the European nations to discredit the advances and the achievements made by the Spain in the Century of Gold or the XVIth century. New Englanders engaged in hispanophobic efforts to assimilate Spanish colonies: [I]n North America a deep current of Hispanophobia pervades Anglo-Saxon culture. Reno: University of Nevada Press. [4] Hispanophobia is particularly evident in the historiography of the Texas Revolution: In essence, the Texas rebellion had been little more than a struggle for political and economic power, but early Texas historians elevated the revolt against Mexico to a 'sublime collision of moral influences', a 'moral struggle,' and 'a war for principles'. The Spanish Inquisition has long since been a black mark on Spanish history. The term was apparently coined by Julin Juderas in his book La Leyenda negra y la verdad histrica (1914). . Nobody fears Spain, complaining about "anti-Spain Black legend" today is just lunacy of internet boomers. According to the foundation, Spaniards have spent far too long feeling guilty and ashamed of their past and worrying about how they are seen by the rest of the world. 22341. They that bee greatly riche, for the spoyle of their goods. '[2], Throughout the 20th century, an array of mostly political and economic forces drove immigration from a multitude of Spanish-speaking countries, such as Cuba, Guatemala, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico, to the relatively strong economy and stable political environment of the United States. The Black Legend (Spanish language: La leyenda negra ) is a phrase used to describe the anti-Spanish historical propaganda created by mostly Protestant or Italian writers starting in the 16th century, thought to counter Spain's increasing influence and power on the world stage. To illustrate their point they would describe autos-da-f and tortures and they would provide numerous stories from people that had fled from the Inquisition. Monty Pythons Flying Circus is one such example. They give examples of the fact that the Philippines never had any race/caste wars when compared to other colonies in Southeast Asia for example, the Chinese are hated in Malaysia and Indonesia (even genocided), yet many Filipino have partial Chinese ancestry, Chinese influence is significant in Filipino culture, and the fil-chinese community is very well integrated in the Philippines. You get to decide whether it's your lucky night or not. [citation needed], Citing groups such as the Minuteman Project, sociologists have concluded that some arguments against illegal immigration in the United States have been tainted with xenophobia and hispanophobia, many of them drawing on concepts of racial purity and eugenics. As of the 17th century the "Spanish character" was included as part of the analysis of the Inquisition. 2005 Author: Mara DeGuzmn. Indeed, many filmic representations of the Inquisitions, Spanish or otherwise, insist on purporting the "Black Legend". As early as the late seventeenth century, we find Puritan divines like Cotton Mather and Samuel Sewell studying Spanishwith a view to winning converts to their version of Protestantism. which were all derogatory. It is not as if there were not any critics of the Tribunal, there were many as is evident from the Inquisition's own archives, but these critics are not considered relevant to the Black Legend. stella February 7, 2023 resource 0 Comments. I also came across this post a while ago by Guillermo Gomez Rivera: When in 1958 Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Philippines, was asked if he regretted anything in his life, he replied: "Yes, I am repentant in large part for having risen against Spain, and that is why when the funeral in Manila of King Alfonso of Spain was held, I presented myself to the cathedral to the surprise of the Spaniards. [55] This shows both the bureaucratic and modern nature of the Spanish Inquisition when compared to other European courts, and the limited power the inquisitors themselves held. As a consequence the number of raw cases that the inquisition had to handle and the number of processes it opened was astronomical, even if the actual conviction rate of the Inquisitorial tribunal was low, 6% on average. During the severe unrest of the 19th century, it was turned by the king not against foreign powers but against Spanish liberals. [45] Kamen tried to summarize the situation by saying that the Inquisition was considered as an evil necessary for maintaining order. The Argentine professor publishes "Madre patria" (Motherland), a polemic book that tries to demonstrate that the Spanish black legend was the most brilliant work of British political marketing. Special Faculty of TheologyRadboud University P.O. 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