[41] Thus, as far as experimental procedure was concerned, Linus was following the rules. Aheadline such as "Nothing Unusual Happened inSaratov Today" doesn't stand achance against something like "A Posse ofKalashnikov-Toting Naked Babushkas Robbed aVodka Distillery inSaratov Today.". Deri, who pledged to represent Israels transparent lower class during the election, is not the only populist politician to stand aside. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. For Boyle, the water level fell because the air was being evacuated from the bulb and thus its spring and weight were no longer acting on the liquid around the base of the tube holding the liquid in the inverted tube up. "[59] Thus, "the effective solution to the problem of knowledge was predicated upon a solution to the problem of social order. Contact us All Rights Reserved. Hobbes was motivated by three things in his attack on Boyle: (1) to save his own reputation as a natural philosopher, (2) to develop a system of knowledge production that secured order and maintained proper goals for natural philosophy (namely precision instead of probability) and (3) to be sensitive to the needs of Restoration society (discussed in more detail in chapter 7). creating and saving your own notes as you read. Leviathan cannot be subdued by any man: this is a false hope, as he is laid low even at the sight of him (Job 41:9). on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Leviathan's argument for the necessity of absolute sovereignty emerged in the politically unstable years after the Civil Wars, and its publication coincided with that of many Republican treatises seeking to justify the regicide (killing of the king) to the rest of Europe (John Milton's Tenure of Kings and Magistrates is a famous example of these regicide tracts). He makes an example of the motion of a person's blood, "for no one feels the motion of their blood unless it pours forth,"[36] as proof of the unreliability of the senses. It should be noted here that Boyle's definitions of "pressure" and "spring" were never clearly defined,[14] which we shall see is one of Hobbes's major complaints. 40:15, 19), he is not in opposition to him, as he is portrayed in a rather positive way, as creature beyond compare.17 Old Testament scholar D.A. Ironically, some of the harshest criticism came from the Culture Ministry, which co-financed the film. While we cannot know for sure what extinct creature God is referring to, we do know that Job 41 certainly describes Leviathan as a real creature that only the God of creation could master. In his autobiography, Hobbes recounted that on the day of his birth in 1588, his mother learned that the Spanish Armada had set sail to attack England. Your newsletter signup did not work out. "Stipulations about how to write proper scientific prose were dispersed throughout [Boyle's] experimental reports of the 1660s, but he also composed a special tract on the subject of 'experimental essays. Thecalamities that befall themain protagonist are not trials sent fromon high. The disaster would be to not do it., Brought to you by the Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Ill stick with Surefire and avoid the teenage girl social media drama. Burnt by the Sun, a Nikita Mikhalkov drama set in the Stalinist era. For Longman, because no real animal can meet the needs of the rhetorical moment,11 Leviathan represents the power of chaosa dramatic way of speaking of his greatness and strength.12. "Boyle's response to Hobbes was fundamentally a defense of the integrity and value of experimental practices. Russia, no doubt, exists onthe very periphery oftheir awareness ofthe global landscape; even minor political gestures apropos ofthat country would take them far beyond thebounds oftheir profession. It's just that conniving Western critics can't stand patriotic Russian cinema! Ill stay posted. In addition, they comment on the social instability of Restoration society post-1660. Leviathan is presented as a real and terrifying creature that Job has observational knowledge of. However, the integrity of the pump was far from perfect and this leaking is central to the arguments both for and against experimentalism. It examines the debate between Robert Boyle and Thomas Hobbes over Boyle's air-pump experiments in the 1660s. Critical reaction has been favorable over all, with many reviews calling it both a universal parable about the crushing power of authority and an accurate reflection of todays Russia. Having worked inthe media foryears, I can honestly say that weird andridiculous stories about Russia do reach awider audience, simply because weird andridiculous stories from"exotic" locations always reach awider audience. [22] He considered incorporeal substance a priestly conspiracy to "usurp power" from the true and legitimate leader - the King. But theyears will go byand Zvyagintsev will take his rightful place inthe Russian film canon. Not everyone is happy. In the 1640s, it was clear to Hobbes that Parliament was going to turn against King Charles I, so he fled to France for eleven years, terrified that, as a Royalist, he would be persecuted for his support of the king. Nonetheless, Hobbes has had a lasting influence in the history of Western philosophy, as he is credited with inaugurating political science; his crowning achievement, Leviathan is still recognized as one of the greatest masterpieces of the history of ideas. SparkNotes PLUS God is proud of Leviathan (Job 41:4, 2526; cf. Steven Shapin , Simon Schaffer", "Review of Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life", "Texts and Contextualists: The Hunting of Newtonianism", Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, "Essay Review: Behemoth v. the Sceptical Chymist: Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life", "Arguments for a nonWhiggish hindsight: Counterfactuals and the sociology of knowledge", "What ought the historian of science know? "It should have been understood that the public would be polarized, but the extreme points of view over the film show it was a success," he said. " 'Leviathan' is a filthy libel against the Russian church and the Russian state," Kirill Frolov, an Orthodox activist, wrote on his Facebook page . [80] Horstmann argues that there are many similar errors and wrong quotations in Leviathan and the Air-Pump and suggests that the chapters dealing with Hobbes are constructed on heavy and sometimes systematic misrepresentations of the historical record. They wish to take a "stranger's"[2] viewpoint when examining the debate between Hobbes and Boyle because, in the 1660s, both methods of knowledge production were well respected in the academic community[3] and the reasons that Boyle's experimentalism prevailed over Hobbes's natural philosophy would not have been obvious to contemporaries. Before May 1648, for example, Hobbes preferred vacuist interpretations of experimental pneumatics and strictly rejected plenist interpretations as not imaginable;[79] but Shapin and Schaffer turn the vacuist into a plenist by ignoring all the vacuist interpretations and by producing a very faulty translation as a putative proof for a plenist interpretation. The Leviathan gas field is at the center of a years-long dispute in which Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is accused by political critics of pushing an energy deal that leaves the Israeli public at the mercy of a U.S.-Israeli energy cartel with the ability to dictate a premium on their electricity bills for years to come. Leviathan is evil, and there is no place for evil in the cinema., Some church leaders endorsed the movie, however. "[64], Adversaries of the experimental method took offense in two ways. Shapin and Schaffer state in their first chapter, "Understanding Experiment", that they wish to answer the question, "Why does one do experiments in order to arrive at scientific truth? He thus wanted to reform philosophy in order to reform the nation and thereby vanquish fear. [73], John L. Heilbron credits Shapin and Schaffer with picking important aspects of the development of experimental culture that are still relevant, citing specifically the problems with replication. Pro-Navalny activist's final statement to court accused the Kremlin of discriminating against women and worsening the lives of all Russians. Lots of folks on their payroll from MAC to IV888 and many others. So far not a single official has so much as offered congratulations on Twitter to Mr. Zvyagintsev, the director, for the movies many awards, an unprecedented snub in recent years. Meanwhile, Leviathan director Andrei Zvyagintsev and producers Alexander Rodnyansky supported the actor. It examines the debate between Robert Boyle and Thomas Hobbes over Boyle's air-pump experiments in the 1660s. Original message IN A NUTSHELL Yesterday the Leviathan expansion for EU4 launched; The players did not like it - on Steam only 12% of 788 opinions about the DLC are positive; There are, among others, complaints about the lack of balance and various technical issues. "[43] In his Defense, Boyle restated that "he could not understand why Linus, like Hobbes, had attacked him as a vacuist when he had explicitly declared his nescience on the matter and had identified the question as metaphysical in character" and thus out of the range of experimental exploration.[44]. One of the most significant political philosophers of the twentieth century, Carl Schmitt is a deeply controversial figure who has been labeled both Nazi sympathizer and modern-day Thomas Hobbes. By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. Please follow the instructions we emailed you in order to finish subscribing. Could someone explain the Leviathan controversy? . The site has attracted about 100,000 rubles daily, or more than $1,500, and is about to hit the one million ruble mark. As forthe recognizable locale andera intowhich this story has been implanted, they're fathomable only tous Russians, andcapable ofirritating us alone. However, the idea of direct borrowing cannot be sustained.28 This is not a syncretistic use of Baal image for Yahweh; rather, Isaiah is arguing: It is the one true God who has done this [defeated Leviathan], not your pagan deities.29 Isaiah was polemicizing pagan religion, while at the same time confirming the truth of monotheism (Isaiah 44:24, 46:110; cf. Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (published 1985) is a book by Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer. The object of controversy, in Boyle's stipulation, was not fact but the interpretation of fact. Private lobbyists and U.S. Congress members have even come to Israel to lobby Israels government on behalf of Noble Energy. In addition, Heilbron laments the absence of comparisons to the development of empiricism in the rest of Europe because it blinds the reader to what may have been peculiar to England's case. In Job 41, God continues to challenge Job by getting him to consider his inability to control another giant animal: the terrifying Leviathan: God challenges Job by questioning his ability to capture Leviathan and make it his servant (Job 41:14). 5 viral products you didn't know you needed for summer starting at $9. Chapter II: Seeing and Believing: The Experimental Production of Pneumatic Facts, Chapter III: Seeing Double: Hobbes's Politics of Plenism before 1660, Chapter IV: The Trouble with Experiment: Hobbes versus Boyle, Chapter V: Boyle's Adversaries: Experiment Defended, Chapter VI: Replication and Its Troubles: Air-Pumps in the 1660s, Chapter VII: Natural Philosophy and the Restoration: Interests in Dispute, Chapter VIII: The Polity of Science: Conclusions, Leviathan, or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, "Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life", "Beyond the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Omnipotence of God", "Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life", "Review of Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life", The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, "Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the air-pump. Thebureaucratic machine ostensibly meant tosupport Russian filmmakers forces them tospend more time ticking boxes as opposed topolishing their films. [77][78], Frank Horstmann, in Leviathan und die Erpumper. Finance Minister Moshe Kahlon, who also pledged to represent the interests of the middle and working class during the election and weigh in on the gas deal, announced earlier this year that he had a conflict of interest and could not be involved. Written during a moment in English history when the political structure, social structure, and methods of science were all in flux and open to manipulation, Leviathan played an essential role in the development of the modern world. (one code per order). 'And this,' Hobbes said, 'is the knowledge required in a philosopher. Lots of folks on their payroll from MAC to IV888 and many others. I'm currently reviewing your PLH and this post nor my relationship with Leviathan will impact anything in that video. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. Hobbes's materialist philosophy was based upon a mechanistic view of the universe, holding that all phenomena were explainable purely in terms of matter and motion, and rejecting concepts such as incorporeal spirits or disembodied souls. There is also thefact that Zvyagintsev is aperfectionist. One cannot write down a formula saying when replication was or was not achieved" and (2) "if replication is the technology which turn belief into knowledge, then knowledge-production depends not just on the abstract exchange of paper and ideas but on the practical social regulation of men and machines. Lots of freebies the reviewers keep and are simultaneously paid to review. Fear is a significant theme in Hobbes's writing, structuring both his written accounts of his life and the Hobbesian philosophical system. The official dismissed the public protest against the gas deal as a marginal movement of leftists and Marxists, boosted by the liberal Tel Aviv-based media. Hobbes's own deductive scientific philosophy was not experimental--in "deductive" reasoning, a conclusion follows necessarily from the stated premises, rather than being inferred from instances of these premises--but Hobbes maintained that it provided better understanding of the universe and society than both traditional philosophy and experimental science. Mr. Rodnyansky said the money would go to charity. So how would Boyle respond? The examples he gave correlate . Infact, extremely disturbing Russian films rarely get alot ofnotice abroad, because people can't relate tothem. Terms of Service apply. Russia's own Culture Minister, Vladimir Medinsky, has just slammed Zvyagintsev forbeing motivated solely byan alleged love of"fame, red carpets and[Oscar] statuettes," andcomplained that directors who criticize thegovernment too much are, infact, "disrespecting thechoice ofthe taxpayers.". $24.99 Subscribe to our monthly Newsletter to receive firearm news, product discounts from your favorite Industry Partners, and more. A reply to Lynch", "Review of Leviathan and the Air-Pump. Now, this being 4chan, of course any further questions I had about what made Leviathan so bad was only met with incomprehensible schizo ramblings even beyond my own nature. Metropolitan Simon of Murmansk and Monchegorsk, the diocese where the movie was filmed, issued a statement calling it honest.. 2023 The Hollywood Reporter, LLC. Pp. - He contended that, whatever hypothetical cause or state of nature Boyle adduced to explain his experimentally produced phenomena, an alternative and superior explanation could be proffered and was, in fact, already available. "[60], "Hobbes and Boyle used the work of the 1640s and 1650s to give rival accounts of the right way to conduct natural philosophy"[61] and, in chapter 7, Shapin and Schaffer show how those models were interpreted and supported by Restoration society. Bacon's program was an inductive philosophy based upon the observation of natural facts ("inductive" reasoning derives general principles from particular instances or facts); the experimental manipulation of nature of Bacon's scheme was very influential for the development of the historical period commonly called the Scientific Revolution, and also formed the backbone of the English Royal Society. All three technologies work towards allowing as many people as possible to come to an agreement about a "matter of fact. A few commentators suggested that the off-screen turmoil said more about the culture wars in modern Russia than about the movie itself. The arguments about experimentally generated knowledge revolve around two of Boyle's experiments. 'Leviathan' Controversy Reveals Bruised Egos. - He denied the status of "philosophy" to the outcome of the experimental programme. You're almost done! Andperhaps they know it already, hence their bitter rage. The controversy began last summer, . Hobbes knew that Leviathan would be controversial, for not only did the text advocate restoration of monarchy when the English republic was at its strongest (Oliver Cromwell was not instituted as Lord High Protector until 1653, and the Restoration of Charles II did not occur until 1660), but Hobbes's book also challenged the very basis of philosophical and political knowledge. The clamor means many Russians are eagerly anticipating the Academy Awards ceremony on Feb. 22. But what is this creature Leviathan?1 The identification of Leviathan, like Behemoth, is widely disputed amongst biblical scholars as can be seen by its varied interpretations: Another option that is generally not considered by scholars is that Leviathan was a real creature that is now extinct. Despite years of political protests and wrangling over legislation, experts say that eventually the prime minister will push it through. Leviathan Breaks His Silence The black metal artist on his new album and recent sexual assault charges. The movies creators delayed its release in Russia, hoping that it could be seen as a work of art rather than a political statement. The book also contains a translation by Schaffer of Hobbes's Dialogus physicus de natura aeris. [21], Hobbes' denial of a vacuum stems in part from a need for political stability. Thegripes regarding thefilm's "artificial" dialogue andtheatrical implausibility are, quite frankly, ajoke: Thestory is tightly conceived andlucidly told (no loose threads left hanging, every seam where it should be), while its protagonists speak anabsolutely recognizable language, not atall unlike what you might overhear onthe metro ona daily basis. China's private consumer-oriented companies andregionalproducers with limited international exposure appear to be taking the lead in Russia. "[32], Hobbes also criticized the air-pump itself, saying that "the physical integrity of the machine was massively violated. "[54], Indeed, he discovered a phenomenon called anomalous suspension (the suspension of water in a Toricellian apparatus when the water was purged of air, but when a bubble was introduced the water fell) "whose outcome measured the excellence of any air-pump[and] to interpret this calibration phenomenon, Huygens had summoned into existence a new fluid and challenged the sufficiency of the weight and spring of common air. For Hobbes, however, "the boundaries Boyle proposed to erect and maintain were guarantees of continued disorder, not remedies to philosophical dissension". Thus, "in his Defense Boyle would therefore demonstrate not merely that Linus was wrong, but also how experimental controversies ought to be conducted. Andthe fact that today's Russia offers anapposite backdrop forsuch subject matter is certainly no fault ofthe Oscar committee. Yury Saprykin is acultural commentator. The medieval theologian Thomas Aquinas (12251274) saw Leviathan as a personification of the sin of envy. There were some term sheets posted there also. If it wins the Oscar, that will change because it will be for the glory of Russia.. Russian fans of the film say the story mirrors life in Russia in the 15 years since President Vladimir Putin first rose to power, with corrupt state officials enriching themselves with impunity at the expense of ordinary people. opinion 'Leviathan' Controversy Reveals Bruised Egos By Natalia Antonova Jan. 19, 2015 "Of course! Uncontrollable divisiveness and civil war followed from any other course. Slava Smirnov, an information technology specialist who loved the movie, decided that the outpouring might support a new model for funding. Using the slogan stop the gas theft, protest organizers are planning demonstrations this weekend in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Beersheva. Right now, the Russian leadership is looking increasingly helpless and confused. I suspect that thecharges leveled against ''Leviathan'' theindictments ofcalculatedness andexpediency, theallegations ofdirectorial melodrama, theclaims that Zvyagintsev feels no love forhis own characters are all ultimately connected tothe idiosyncrasies ofits cinematic language. Theres no potential for competition in the gas framework; theres no assurance for effective long-term price controls, David Gilo, an antitrust commissioner who resigned several months ago over the gas deal, said in a speech at a business conference last week. However, unlike Boyle, Hobbes denies that natural philosophy can be separated from politics and religion. by Brandon Stosuy Contributor Show No Mercy Metal September 2 2011 Photo by Damir Ara Daniel Dondurei, the dean of Russian film critics, said he could not remember such a ruckus over a movie since the 1988 release of Little Vera, the first Soviet film to show explicit sex. Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life, Princeton, Princeton University Press 1985, XIV + 440 pp", "A Debate over Experiment: Leviathan and the Air-Pump", "Steven Shapin & Simon Schaffer. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. A great famine soon followed these signs, and shortly after in the same year, on the sixth day before the ides of January, the woeful inroads of heathen men destroyed gods church in Lindisfarne island by fierce robbery and slaughter. The Golden Globe-winning film exposes some of the country's modern taboos, portraying the doomed struggle of a man in Russia's far North against a greedy and corrupt local mayor while casting the Russian Orthodox Church in a dubious light. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. The energy saga is expected to drag on for the near future as the Knessets Economics Committee is planning to hold public hearings on the gas agreement, despite having no power to block the deal. A 'Leviathan' Of A Controversy. Russias culture minister, Vladimir Medinsky, a conservative historian, led the attacks even though his ministry provided a significant portion of the movies budget. [58], According to Shapin and Schaffer there were two main problems with replication in the 1660s. . The views expressed in opinion pieces do not necessarily reflect the position of The Moscow Times. [26] Instead, Hobbes posits that man's own agency is the place for natural philosophy, once again drawing on geometry: "'as we know, that, if the figure shown be a circle, then any straight line through the centre shall divide it into two equal parts.' As Modlite mentions, go check out some of the influencers for Leviathan. Leviathan would be a tough film for the government to later rally behind, given its unforgiving focus on the centralization of power and the role of Orthodoxy, twin pillars of Mr. Putins rule. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Leviathan and what it means. "Films focused not only on criticism of current authorities but openly spitting on them (films) filled with a sense of despair and hopelessness over our existence, should not be financed with taxpayers' money," Medinsky said in a newspaper interview, when asked whether the ministry would support similar films in the future. Home News General News 'Leviathan' Star Stirs Controversy, Says Russians Are "Rude" and "Arrogant" Alexei Serebryakov, star of Andrei Zvyagintsev's Golden Globe-winning film, is facing a. No one will come here if there are no basic ground rules. Thefilm also does agood job ofdismantling themyth ofthe macho superhero, which has generated fatigue among critics inrecent years. It was not that the control of belief was wrong; it was that such control was impractical and an inadequate surety for order. ''Leviathan'' is cold, rational, European filmmaking only inthe sense that Michael Haneke or Bruno Dumont can be labelled rational andunfeeling, andit engages with roughly thesame spectrum ofthemes that preoccupy theCannes elite: humanity andthe irresistible forces ofdestiny, humanity's incurable susceptibility toevil, humanity ina godforsaken world. Privacy Policy and Their point isn't toset him right or test him; impossible tocounteract bytenacity or heroic deeds, they're simply links inan ill-starred chain consisting ofminor corrupted wills. IE 11 is not supported. [9], Importantly, Shapin and Schaffer give a description of the "material technology," the air-pump itself, essentially a suction pump attached to a replaceable glass bulb. Make a donation now to support independent Jewish journalism in New York. Since most swear words will be muted in theaters under a new Russian law, the number of downloads will probably escalate. 20% '"[34] This was important for three reasons: (1) because Hobbes said the fluidity of the air ruled out the ability to produce an impermeable seal (2) because describing the air as mixture allowed Hobbes to explain the pumps actions (drawing out the course aspects of the air and leaving behind the more subtle fluid) and (3) because Hobbes said that, since Boyle could not offer a cause for the spring of the air, that made him an inadequate natural philosopher. According to Jewish tradition, Leviathan was created on the fifth day of creation (see 2 Esdras 6:49; 2 Apocalypse Baruch 29:4; Genesis Rabbah vii 4; Targum Pseudo-Jonathan on Genesis 1:21).7 This is because the Hebrew word used in Genesis 1:21 for the sea-creatures is tannnim, the plural form of the word used for Leviathan the sea dragon (tannn) in Isaiah 27:1. Sometimes it can end up there. God did this because Job in his great suffering frequently asked to be allowed to have a trial with God (Job 9:16, 13:3) and had called into question Gods justice (Job 40:8). Facts are chiels that winna ding, An' downa be disputed. There are several likely suggestions from extinct marine reptiles as to the identification of Leviathan: Kronosaurus, Liopleurodon, Sarcosuchus, Mosasaurus, and Plesiosaurus. "[19], In summation, Boyle's theory of knowledge production revolves around assent. Excluded from the Royal Society for his anti-experimentalist stance and derided by many contemporaries as an immoral monster, Hobbes neither transformed the nation nor reformed philosophy as he had envisioned. You cant invest and plan if you are not sure what the price is, said the official. As critic Alyona Solntseva recently argued onthe Gazeta.ru news site, some ofthe reasons are circumstantial. "[38], While the previous chapter focuses on the attacks of Boyle's main opponent (Hobbes), this chapter focuses on Boyle's actions in the face of more general adversity. Pro-Navalny activist's final statement to court accused the Kremlin of discriminating against women and worsening the lives of all Russians. By seeking simply the removal of Putin, the liberal opposition overlooks the imperial-colonial foundation of the Russian state. $60.00", "Review of Leviathan and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life", "Review of 'Leviathan' and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle and the Experimental Life. Serebryakovs opinion can be irritating to someone and people have the right to disagree with him, but the harassment that ensued, calls to strip him of his Russian passport and ban him from ever working again this just proves his point, that the Russian society is ill, he went on to say. Psalm 104:2526) but can also venture up onto land (Job 41:5, 30). Associated with both atheism and the many deliberately terrifying images of Leviathan, Hobbes became known as the "Monster of Malmsbury" and the "Bug-bear of the Nation." Thecontext ofBalabanov's work was too specific. '"[18] Everything about how Boyle instructed other experimentalists to write stressed honesty. | Can the rationality of two sides in a debate be described, from outside, when hindsight operates and the "road not taken" by science is known? See Ken Ham and Tim Chaffey, Tannin: Sea Serpent, Dinosaur, Snake, Dragon, or Jackal?. He wanted readers to read circumstantial accounts of failed experiments as well as successes, and he asserted that all physical causes should be stated as only "probable. His ministry then proposed guidelines that would ban movies that defiled the national culture. Atits core, "Leviathan" is astory ofan ever-present monster. ''Leviathan'' itself either theblind, non-negotiable forces ofdestiny andnature, as per theBible, or, following Hobbes, therational machine ofthe state, which serves toelevate its citizens above thenatural condition ofwar ofall against all intrudes onour attention merely inthe form ofa weathered skeleton onthe shore, andif we are infact afforded brief glimpses ofits mighty, glistening, living back, this is inevitably adistress call, anapparent sign ofmisfortune.
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